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LEADD: STUDY MAKES CASE AGAINST WINE IN GROCERY STORES
New Research Links Neighborhood Violence to Increase in Alcohol Access
ALBANY, NY February 25, 2010 – Law Enforcement Against Drunk Driving (LEADD) Chairman Dan Sisto today renewed his call on the State Legislature to reject Governor Paterson’s plan to legalize wine sales in 19,000 new outlets, citing a new study that links an increase in the number of sites selling alcohol with an increase in neighborhood violence.
The study, released this week by two Indiana University professors, found that more alcohol sales sites in a neighborhood equates to more violence, and the highest assault rates are associated with carry-out sites selling alcohol for off-premise consumption.
Using crime statistics and alcohol outlet licensing data from Cincinnati, Ohio, to examine the spatial relationship between alcohol outlet density and assault density, Department of Criminal Justice professor William Alex Pridemore and Department of Geography professor Tony Grubesic found that off-premise outlets appeared to be responsible for about one in four simple assaults and one in three aggravated assaults, according to a report in Science Daily.
“We have made tremendous progress in improving the safety of our neighborhoods, but more work remains to be done. We should not be adding to our challenges by allowing wine sales in 19,000 new outlets,” Sisto said. “Wine is not a food; it is a controlled substance that is three to four times more potent than beer. New York is right to control the sale of wine by limiting access to wine and liquor stores, which provide a proven method of limiting access to teenagers.
“As a State Trooper, I know that alcohol too often plays a role in crimes in our neighborhoods,” Sisto said. “There is a reason why no state in the nation has adopted this kind of provision in more than 28 years – and that’s because of studies like this that have increased our understanding of the problems associated with alcohol. New York already spends $3.2 billion every year dealing with underage drinking. We must look for ways to reduce underage drinking and protect our teenagers.”
The study’s findings were released at a press briefing entitled “Using Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Analysis to Better Understand Patterns and Causes of Violence,” and were presented as part of the Feb. 18-22 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Diego, California.
“A higher density of alcohol sales outlets in an area means closer proximity and easier availability to an intoxicating substance for residents,” said Pridemore in Science Daily. “Perhaps just as importantly, alcohol outlets provide a greater number of potentially deviant places. Convenience stores licensed to sell alcohol may be especially troublesome in this regard, as they often serve not only as sources of alcohol but also as local gathering places with little formal social control.”
Using different suites of spatial regression models, the researchers found that adding one off-premise alcohol sales site per square mile would create 2.3 more simple assaults and 0.6 more aggravated assaults per square mile. Increases in violence associated with restaurants and bars were smaller but still statistically significant, with 1.15 more simple assaults created when adding one restaurant per square mile, and 1.35 more simple assaults per square mile by adding one bar.
The study examined 302 geographic block groups that encompassed all of Cincinnati, with each block group containing about 1,000 residents. Block groups are subdivisions of census tracks and represent the smallest unit available for socioeconomic analysis using data from the Census Bureau. Crime statistics from January through June 2008 provided by the Cincinnati Police Department found 2,298 simple assaults and another 479 serious assaults had occurred in the study area during that time. The location of each of these criminal events was geocoded to show the precise location where they occurred.
The researchers, using data from the Ohio Division of Liquor Control for Hamilton County, Ohio, then used the same geocoding techniques to spatially aggregate the city’s 683 unique alcohol sales outlets into those block groups. The arithmetic mean, or average, density of assaults was 69 per square mile, while the average density of alcohol outlets per square mile was 20.
Grubesic said explanations for crime ecological theories like collective efficacy, social disorganization and social cohesion rely on elements like poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, anonymity of community members and willingness to intervene on another's behalf, are difficult to remedy through public policy. That is not the case with alcohol outlet density, he said.
“Alcohol outlet density, on the other hand, is much more amenable to policy changes,” Grubesic pointed out. “Unlike other negative neighborhood characteristics that often seem intractable, regulating the density of outlets, and to some extent their management, can be readily addressed with a mixture of policies by liquor licensing boards, the police and government agencies that regulate land use.”
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